Inconel 601 Bar and Rod: ASTM B166 and AMS5715 Procurement Guide

DAXUN manufactures Alloy 601 round, square, hexagonal, and drawing-defined sections and performs the processing confirmed in the written quotation in-house. For each order, the purchase order and manufacturing plan define the required heat/lot identification points, inspections, records, marking, and packaging. The useful deliverable is therefore not simply a piece of nickel alloy, but a product supplied with the agreed evidence for its actual production route.

What Is Inconel 601 Bar?

Inconel 601 bar is a solid wrought product form of UNS N06601. The alloy combines nickel, chromium, iron, and a deliberate aluminum addition. Chromium supports resistance to oxidation and many corrosive environments; aluminum contributes to formation of a protective oxide scale; nickel stabilizes the austenitic structure and supports resistance in a range of hot environments. The result is an alloy known less for exceptional room-temperature strength than for oxidation resistance and scale adherence during repeated heating and cooling.^[3]

That distinction matters. A hot fixture pin that repeatedly passes through a furnace door may need an oxide scale that remains attached through cycling. A heavily preloaded turbine fastener may instead be governed by creep, stress rupture, and relaxation. Both parts are “high-temperature,” but they are not the same material-selection problem. Alloy 601 should be chosen for the mechanism it controls, not because a list gives it an impressive maximum temperature.

Selected limiting-composition values from the Special Metals Alloy 601 bulletin are summarized below. This is not a complete contractual chemistry table. Contract acceptance follows the full chemistry requirements of the ordered material specification and its permitted product form.^[3]

Element	Published Alloy 601 range or limit, weight %
Nickel	58.0-63.0
Chromium	21.0-25.0
Aluminum	1.0-1.7
Carbon	0.10 max
Manganese	1.0 max
Silicon	0.50 max
Copper	1.0 max
Sulfur	0.015 max
Iron	Balance

The density is approximately 8.05 g/cm3 according to ATI’s producer data.^[4] Density is useful for estimating billet weight and freight, but it is not a receiving-inspection substitute for dimensions and an actual weight check.

Is “Rod” the Same as “Bar”?

In commercial inquiries, *Inconel 601 rod* often means round bar. In a contract, however, informal synonymy is not enough. ASTM B166 covers rod, bar, and wire, and each term can lead to different dimensional tables, tolerances, test requirements, and manufacturing expectations.^[1]

A purchase description should identify the actual form:

• Round bar is a solid circular product ordered by diameter and length.
• Square or hex bar is ordered across flats, with corner and straightness requirements where relevant.
• Rod may be used commercially for a solid round product, but the purchase order should still state the applicable standard product form.
• Wire is not created merely by calling a small-diameter rod “wire.” Its dimensional route, coil or straight-length delivery, finish, and mechanical expectations must be stated.
• Forging stock is feedstock intended for a qualified forging route. It is not a finished forging and does not carry the finished forging’s dimensional or final acceptance status.
• Machined parts such as pins, shafts, threaded rods, bolts, and bushings are manufactured from bar, but the incoming bar certificate does not certify their final geometry or every property changed by processing.

This terminology boundary prevents a familiar failure: the supplier quotes available round stock, while the buyer assumes precision straightened rod, aerospace bar, wire, or finished hardware. The material can be chemically correct and still be contractually wrong.

ASTM B166-25 or AMS5715H: Which Route Applies?

Choose the route invoked by the approved drawing, customer specification, design authority, or construction requirement. The two documents overlap around Alloy 601 bar, but they are not interchangeable certificates.

Procurement question	ASTM B166-25	AMS5715H
Primary context	General industrial procurement	Aerospace material procurement
Covered forms relevant here	Hot-finished or cold-worked rounds, squares, hexagons, and rectangles within the standard’s listed alloys, plus cold-worked wire	Bars, forgings, flash-welded rings, and stock for forgings or flash-welded rings
Alloy designation	UNS N06601 is included	Alloy 601 chemistry and annealed condition are defined by the AMS route
Published size boundary	Use the purchased standard’s form and size tables	Bars, forgings, and flash-welded rings are 4.00 in. (101.6 mm) and under in diameter or least nominal cross-sectional dimension; stock for forging or flash-welded rings may be any size[2]
Acceptance basis	Ordered B166 edition, size, condition, tests, and supplementary requirements	Ordered AMS5715 revision plus drawing, quality, and purchaser requirements
What it does not certify	A finished machined component after unaddressed processing	Aerospace installation approval or a finished part produced outside the approved process chain

ASTM B166-25 is the current ASTM page reviewed for this article. The standard covers listed nickel-alloy rod, bar, and wire, including hot-finished and cold-worked rounds, squares, hexagons and rectangles, plus cold-worked wire where applicable to the listed alloy and size.^[1] UNS N06601 is included. A general furnace component, resistance-heating assembly part, burner component, retort fitting, or industrial machined blank may use this route when the design documents accept it.

AMS5715H was revised in January 2025. Its public scope covers corrosion- and heat-resistant Alloy 601 bars, forgings, and flash-welded rings 4.00 in. (101.6 mm) and under in diameter or least nominal cross-sectional dimension, plus stock of any size for producing forgings or flash-welded rings.^[2] That wording creates two important limits. First, a 150 mm bar should not be advertised as AMS5715H bar merely because stock for forging or flash-welded rings may be any size. Second, an AMS material certificate is one part of an aerospace-controlled supply chain; it does not itself approve a component, supplier, machining process, special process, or flight use.

Dual certification should therefore be treated as a positive technical claim that requires evidence. The bar must meet both invoked documents for the ordered form, size, condition, tests, reporting, and revision. Writing “ASTM/AMS” on an RFQ without resolving conflicts does not create dual compliance.

Which Condition Should Be Ordered?

The condition should be selected from the governing specification and the component’s manufacturing route. “Annealed” is not a complete instruction unless the applicable specification, heat-treatment route, section size, final machining plan, and acceptance tests are understood.

Alloy 601 is normally supplied in an annealed condition for many bar applications. Special Metals explains that solution treatment develops optimum creep and rupture properties, while a lower-temperature anneal may be used where the service and fabrication objective differs.^[3] The exact treatment required for certified material must come from the ordered standard or approved process specification, not from a general alloy bulletin.

Three questions determine whether the incoming condition remains relevant:

1. Will substantial stock be removed? A tensile test from a supplied bar describes the accepted product at its defined test location. It does not automatically describe a small finished section after deep machining, welding, local heating, or cold work.
2. Will the part be heat treated after rough machining? The processor must control furnace uniformity, cleanliness, atmosphere, thermocouple practice, heating and cooling, distortion allowance, and subsequent scale removal.
3. Is the final part load-bearing at temperature? Room-temperature tensile compliance alone may be insufficient. The design authority may need creep, stress-rupture, fatigue, oxidation, thermal-cycling, or relaxation evidence appropriate to the actual section and temperature.

An annealed mill test certificate is still valuable. It establishes the accepted starting material. It simply should not be stretched beyond what was tested.

What Mechanical Properties Can a Buyer Expect?

Use specification values for acceptance and producer data for engineering orientation. Special Metals publishes room-temperature tensile examples from separate solution-treated and hot-finished rod/bar datasets. These values show how actual product data can vary with section and test history; they are not universal ASTM B166 or AMS5715 acceptance values.^[3]

Producer dataset and sample	Ultimate tensile strength	0.2% yield strength	Elongation
Solution-treated-material table: 1.5 in. hot-finished rod	603 MPa	207 MPa	59%
Hot-finished rod-and-bar table: 2.5 x 2.5 in. bar	641 MPa	414 MPa	40%
Hot-finished rod-and-bar table: 2 x 2 in. bar	672 MPa	303 MPa	49%
Hot-finished rod-and-bar table: 3 in. round	676 MPa	348 MPa	45%
Hot-finished rod-and-bar table: 4 in. round	648 MPa	286 MPa	Not reported in the summarized row

The spread is the lesson. Size, processing history, heat treatment, sample orientation, and location affect the observed result. A web table should not be copied into a purchase order as though every diameter must satisfy the same values. The correct sequence is:

1. identify the product specification and edition;
2. identify the ordered form, size, and condition;
3. obtain the specification’s applicable acceptance values;
4. state any additional project requirement and test location;
5. ensure the proposed manufacturing route can meet all requirements together.

At elevated temperature, a second trap appears. Short-time tensile strength, creep resistance, stress-rupture life, and preload retention are different properties. A shaft that carries intermittent load may be screened with hot tensile data. A continuously loaded support or fastener may require time-dependent design data. Alloy 601’s oxidation performance does not prove the required creep life.

Why Is Alloy 601 Used for Hot Components?

Alloy 601 develops a tightly adherent oxide scale and has shown strong resistance in the cyclic and high-temperature oxidation programs published by Special Metals. Those programs use defined exposure periods, cooling and specimen-weighing procedures; they are comparative producer tests, not a universal service-temperature recommendation.^[3] The results support preliminary screening for furnace hardware, burner components, radiant-heating assemblies, thermocouple protection hardware, heat-treatment fixtures, and other hot-zone parts.

The causal chain is practical:

chromium and aluminum chemistry -> protective oxide development -> reduced scaling and improved scale attachment -> less contamination and section loss during repeated heating -> longer useful life when load and atmosphere are also suitable.

But every arrow has a boundary. Protective scale can be disrupted by abrasion, deposits, severe thermal gradients, fabrication defects, or an atmosphere the alloy does not tolerate. Special Metals also warns that sulfur contamination on the material surface can be damaging during heating and that heating atmospheres should be controlled.^[3] Oil, grease, marking compounds, sulfur-bearing shop contaminants, and dirty furnace fixtures are therefore not cosmetic details.

Alloy 601 also has useful resistance in carburizing environments, but a carburization result from a producer test does not establish a design life for every carbon activity, dew point, gas velocity, deposit, and thermal cycle. Sulfidizing conditions deserve especially careful review. An alloy that performs well in clean oxidizing air can behave very differently where sulfur partial pressure, reducing conditions, or molten deposits change the protective scale.

When Is Alloy 601 Bar the Wrong Starting Point?

Alloy 601 should not be the automatic answer when another failure mechanism controls.

• High sustained load and creep: A creep-strengthened alloy may be more appropriate when deflection, rupture life, or bolt relaxation dominates.
• Very high room-temperature or intermediate-temperature strength: Precipitation-hardened alloys such as A-286 or Alloy 718 may be evaluated, subject to their own environmental and temperature boundaries.
• Severe aqueous corrosion: Alloy 601 is not a universal substitute for Alloy 625, C-276, C-22, or other corrosion alloys. The actual acids, chlorides, oxidants, concentration, temperature, velocity, and crevices govern.
• Aggressive sulfidation: Clean-air oxidation data cannot be transferred directly to sulfur-rich fuel or process gas.
• Electrical resistance heating elements: Bar used as structural hardware and engineered heating-element alloys solve different design problems. Resistivity, geometry, temperature coefficient, atmosphere, and element loading must be addressed.
• Low-cost hot hardware with modest duty: Heat-resistant stainless steel may satisfy the project. Alloy 601 is valuable only when its performance mechanism justifies its cost.

A sound material decision compares the specific component, not alloy names in isolation.

Which Bar Dimensions and Tolerances Matter?

Nominal diameter is only the start. A bar that meets chemical and tensile requirements can still be unusable on the machine tool or in the finished assembly.

Diameter or Across-Flats Tolerance

The stock size must leave enough machining allowance for decarburized, oxidized, or imperfect surface removal where relevant, while avoiding waste. For a near-net shaft, the buyer should establish whether the tolerance applies to hot-finished, cold-finished, peeled, ground, or machined stock.

Straightness

Straightness affects bar-feed equipment, deep-hole drilling, long shafts, threaded rods, and components that rotate. “Commercially straight” is weak language for a critical part. State a permissible deviation over a stated gauge length and identify how it will be measured.

Length and End Condition

Random length, multiple length, fixed length, and cut blank are different products. Saw-cut, sheared, cropped, turned, or faced ends create different allowances and crack risks. A finished blank may need squareness, flatness, center holes, chamfers, or end identification.

Surface Condition

Hot-finished, cold-finished, peeled, turned, ground, pickled, and polished surfaces are not equivalent. The drawing should define what defects are unacceptable, how much surface stock will be removed, and whether penetrant inspection occurs before or after final machining.

Ovality, Corner Geometry, and Twist

Round bar buyers may need ovality controlled within the diameter tolerance. Square and hex products may need corner radius, across-flats tolerance, and twist limits. These controls belong on the drawing or purchase order, not in an email after production.

How Should Surface Quality and Internal Soundness Be Verified?

The verification plan should follow the consequence of the possible defect.

Risk	Why it matters	Appropriate control to consider
Wrong alloy or heat mix	The part may have inadequate oxidation or mechanical performance	Heat traceability, MTC review, positive material identification when specified
Surface lap, seam, or crack	Machining may open a defect into a loaded thread or fillet	Visual inspection, machining allowance, liquid penetrant examination at the agreed stage
Internal discontinuity	A deep-machined or cyclically loaded component may expose or propagate it	Ultrasonic examination to an explicitly named procedure and acceptance criterion
Diameter or straightness error	Bar may not feed, machine, or align	Calibrated dimensional inspection with defined sampling or 100% plan
Heat-treatment error	Grain structure and mechanical response may depart from the qualified route	Furnace records, pyrometry requirements, hardness and mechanical tests as specified
Lost traceability	Finished parts cannot be tied to the accepted heat and lot	Transfer marking, traveler records, lot reconciliation, final inspection report

“UT tested” is not a complete requirement. The order should state the method, reference standard, calibration block or sensitivity, scan coverage, examination stage, acceptance level, reporting, and disposition of indications. The same principle applies to liquid penetrant testing.

Positive material identification can help detect a grade mix, but the chosen PMI technique has element and detection limits and does not replace full contractual chemical analysis or the MTC. PMI should be ordered for the risk it can control.

What Changes When the Bar Becomes a Machined Part?

Machining converts a certified raw product into a new deliverable with additional characteristics. For confirmed work, DAXUN establishes the required heat/lot identity controls through cutting, machining, inspection, marking, and packaging from the purchase order and approved manufacturing plan. Those documents must define what the final evidence package is expected to prove.

For a shaft or pin, the critical features may include diameter, straightness, concentricity, surface roughness, fillet radius, keyways, holes, and penetrant acceptance. For a threaded part, thread system, class, pitch diameter, root form, runout, lead, surface treatment, lubricant, nut compatibility, and proof or tensile testing may govern. For a welded support, the welding procedure, filler metal, joint preparation, shielding, cleaning, heat input, and examination plan matter.

The causal chain is easy to overlook:

raw bar acceptance -> cutting and thermal exposure -> machining and local stress concentration -> cleaning and inspection -> final dimensional and functional acceptance.

If any step changes geometry, microstructure, residual stress, surface integrity, or traceability, it needs a control appropriate to the part. The starting MTC remains part of the record, not the whole record.

Machining Alloy 601 Bar

Alloy 601 work hardens and requires a stable machining setup. Special Metals recommends heavy-duty equipment, sharp tooling, positive cuts, and adequate feed to avoid work-hardened surface problems.^[3] Rigid workholding, controlled depth of cut, and a coolant appropriate to the operation remain part of the production plan.

Several production details deserve agreement before a quotation:

• whether the quote is for raw bar, rough-machined blanks, or finished parts;
• how much stock remains for the customer’s final grind or fit;
• whether interrupted cuts, deep holes, slender sections, or thin walls are present;
• which datums control concentricity and runout;
• whether final inspection occurs at DAXUN or under customer/third-party witness;
• whether chips and coolant must be controlled for cleanliness or remelt segregation.

A generic machining-data table would be misleading without tool material, operation, diameter, rigidity, coolant, and target life. DAXUN establishes the production route from the drawing and validates critical dimensions during manufacture.

Can Alloy 601 Bar Be Welded or Hot Worked?

Alloy 601 can be welded by established nickel-alloy procedures, but weldability is not a waiver from procedure qualification.^[3] The governing construction code, qualified WPS/PQR, joint design, filler metal, shielding, interpass control, cleaning, and acceptance criteria must be stated. A bar certificate does not certify a welded assembly.

For hot working, producer guidance identifies a broad workable range and emphasizes adequate soaking and control.^[3] Those data help a processor design trials; they are not a universal forging schedule for every section. Temperature loss in small sections, die chilling, strain rate, reduction, recrystallization, grain size, surface contamination, and final heat treatment all influence the result.

Heating cleanliness is particularly important for Alloy 601. Remove oil, grease, paint, sulfur-bearing compounds, and shop residue before high-temperature exposure. Furnace atmosphere and support fixtures should not introduce contaminants that undermine the surface chemistry being purchased.

Typical Applications for Inconel 601 Bar and Rod

Alloy 601 bar is most credible where the finished geometry is machined or forged from solid stock and oxidation or thermal cycling is a leading concern.

Furnace and Heat-Treatment Hardware

Pins, hangers, spacers, supports, shafts, threaded rods, and attachment hardware may use Alloy 601 when hot air, combustion products, and repeated cycling punish ordinary stainless steel. The actual joint load and atmosphere must still be checked.

Burner and Combustion Components

Machined nozzles, supports, sleeves, and attachment pieces can benefit from scale adherence. Fuel impurities, flame impingement, sulfur, deposits, and local metal temperature remain project variables.

Thermal-Processing Equipment

Conveyor hardware, retort accessories, radiant-tube supports, and sensor-protection fittings may be produced from bar. Each component still needs its own atmosphere, load, temperature, geometry, and inspection review; one material should not be assumed for an entire furnace.

Chemical and Petrochemical Components

Alloy 601 may appear in hot process hardware where oxidation or carburization is relevant. Its use must be screened against the actual aqueous or gas-phase corrosion mechanism; it is not automatically a wet-corrosion alloy.

Aerospace Material Route

AMS5715H provides a recognized material route for eligible bars, forgings, flash-welded rings, and stock for forgings or flash-welded rings. Aerospace use still requires approved drawings, supplier controls, special-process approvals, inspection, traceability, and release documentation beyond the material specification.^[2]

Common Procurement Failures

Ordering “601 Rod” Without a Standard

The supplier cannot know whether the buyer needs B166 bar, AMS5715 material, wire, forging stock, or commercial stock. The remedy is to name the form, standard, edition, condition, and dimensional route.

Copying Typical Properties Into the Acceptance Table

Producer values are valuable evidence, but they are tied to a sample and condition. The remedy is to use the ordered standard’s size-dependent requirements and label any additional project minimum explicitly.

Assuming an Aerospace Specification Covers Every Diameter

AMS5715H publishes a 4.00 in. (101.6 mm) boundary for bars, forgings, and flash-welded rings while allowing stock for forging or flash-welded rings of any size.^[2] The remedy is to verify the exact product form instead of using the stock exception to certify oversize bar.

Requiring UT Without an Acceptance Level

An examination cannot be priced or judged consistently without method, sensitivity, coverage, stage, and rejection criteria. The remedy is a complete NDE instruction.

Treating Oxidation Resistance as Creep Strength

A part can retain a clean surface while losing dimensional stability or preload. The remedy is to identify stress, time, temperature, and allowable deformation, then evaluate time-dependent data.

Losing Heat Identity During Cutting

Cut pieces can become indistinguishable. The remedy is a controlled transfer-marking and lot-reconciliation process, with final records tied to each package or part batch.

Ignoring Sulfur and Shop Contamination

Residue can damage the surface during heating. The remedy is a specified cleaning route, protected handling, and appropriate furnace cleanliness.^[3]

DAXUN Manufacturing and Inspection Route

DAXUN manufactures Alloy 601 bar and produces drawing-defined blanks and machined components in-house. For each confirmed order, the production and inspection plan is established from the drawing and purchase order. A typical project route is:

1. Review the drawing, product form, governing standard, edition, condition, dimensions, service information, and acceptance plan.
2. Establish the melt and conversion route, manufacturing allowance, heat-treatment plan, and lot definition.
3. Produce the confirmed round, square, hexagonal, or rectangular section and establish the required heat/lot identification points.
4. Perform the in-house cutting, turning, milling, drilling, thread production, heat treatment, surface preparation, and marking operations confirmed in the written quotation.
5. Perform the specified production inspections; use independent third-party or accredited external laboratory verification when the purchase order requires it.
6. Reconcile material and process records, then issue the agreed MTC, inspection reports, and traceability package.
7. Protect machined surfaces and identifiers during packaging for the stated destination.

Independent third-party inspection or accredited external laboratory verification can be included when it is confirmed in the quotation. That independent role does not change DAXUN’s responsibility as the manufacturer of the supplied product.

What Should Be Included in an Inconel 601 Bar RFQ?

Send enough information to define a product, not just a grade:

• UNS N06601 and any permitted trade-name wording;
• ASTM B166-25, AMS5715H, or the exact approved alternative and edition;
• contractual product form: bar, rod, wire, or stock for forging or flash-welded rings;
• section shape: round, square, hexagonal, or rectangular;
• diameter or across-flats size, length, quantity, and unit system;
• annealed or other specification-defined condition;
• hot-finished, cold-finished, peeled, turned, ground, or machined surface;
• diameter, ovality, straightness, length, end, corner, and surface tolerances;
• machining allowance and finished-part drawing when DAXUN will machine the product;
• room-temperature and elevated-temperature test requirements;
• UT, liquid penetrant, PMI, hardness, grain-size, or other inspection with method and acceptance criteria;
• heat treatment, welding, cleaning, marking, packaging, and third-party witness requirements;
• required MTC type, inspection report, country-of-origin documentation, and destination.

With these inputs, DAXUN can confirm the product route, identify conflicts before production, and quote the material and processing as one traceable package.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is Inconel 601 bar covered by ASTM B166?

Yes. ASTM B166-25 covers listed nickel-alloy rod, bar, and wire, including UNS N06601.^[1] The order must still state the product form, size, condition, edition, tolerances, tests, and any supplementary requirements.

What is the difference between Inconel 601 bar and rod?

Rod is often used commercially for round bar, but the governing specification and purchase order determine the contractual form. Wire, bar, and forging stock should not be inferred from the same informal word.

When should AMS5715H be used?

Use AMS5715H when it is invoked by the approved aerospace or customer procurement route. Its public scope covers bars, forgings, and flash-welded rings 4.00 in. (101.6 mm) and under in diameter or least nominal cross-sectional dimension, plus stock of any size for forging or flash-welded rings.^[2]

Can an ASTM B166 MTC certify a machined bolt or shaft?

It certifies the accepted starting bar within the stated scope. The finished part also needs dimensional, process, thread, surface, NDE, mechanical, and traceability evidence required by its drawing or product standard.

Is Alloy 601 the strongest high-temperature nickel alloy?

No universal ranking is meaningful. Alloy 601 is particularly valued for oxidation resistance and scale adherence. Creep strength, stress rupture, preload retention, fatigue, corrosion, and cost may favor another alloy.

Can DAXUN supply finished parts from Alloy 601 bar?

Yes. DAXUN can manufacture the starting bar and perform agreed cutting, machining, threading, heat treatment, inspection, marking, and packaging in-house. Final requirements must be defined by the drawing and purchase order.

Should every Alloy 601 bar receive ultrasonic testing?

Not automatically. UT should be specified when the size, machining route, load, consequence of failure, or customer requirement justifies it. The method, coverage, sensitivity, stage, and acceptance level must be stated.

Does Alloy 601 resist carburization and sulfidation?

Producer data support useful carburization resistance, but atmosphere, temperature, carbon activity, deposits, and cycling govern actual performance. Sulfur-bearing environments need separate review; clean-air oxidation performance must not be transferred uncritically.^[3]

Related DAXUN Resources

• Inconel alloy manufacturing
• Inconel 601 sheet and plate
• Inconel 601 tube and pipe
• Inconel 601 strip and coil
• Inconel 600 vs Inconel 601
• Heat-treatment services
• Testing and inspection

Technical Accuracy Statement

This page distinguishes specification acceptance values from producer reference data. Product suitability depends on the ordered form, size, condition, manufacturing history, temperature, time, stress, atmosphere, contaminants, inspection plan, and governing design requirements. Standards and producer publications do not replace the approved drawing, construction code, qualified process, or responsible engineering authority. Confirm the required edition in the purchase order.

Last reviewed: August 18, 2026

Technical Sources

1. ASTM B166-25, Standard Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Aluminum Alloy, Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys, Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-Molybdenum Alloy, Nickel-Iron-Chromium-Tungsten Alloy, and Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar, and Wire.
2. SAE AMS5715H, Nickel Alloy, Corrosion and Heat-Resistant, Bars, Forgings, and Rings, and Stock for Forgings and Rings, 60.5Ni-23Cr-14Fe-1.4Al, Annealed, revised January 22, 2025.
3. Special Metals, INCONEL Alloy 601 Technical Bulletin, Publication SMC-028, February 2005.
4. ATI 601 Nickel-Based Alloy, accessed August 18, 2026.