Daxun is a professional supplier of duplex 2507 stainless steel coils

Pemasok kumparan baja tahan karat terkemuka di Cina

Daxun telah terlibat dalam bisnis internasional selama lebih dari sepuluh tahun. Pada tahun 2023, pendapatan ekspornya melebihi US $ $100 juta, dan volume ekspornya berada di antara produsen baja nirkarat teratas di Tiongkok. Daxun terus meningkatkan keterampilan layanannya. Untuk melayani pasar global, kami telah mendirikan tiga fasilitas layanan ekspor di China dan bekerja sama dengan perusahaan teknik, pabrik baja, dan perusahaan perdagangan internasional. Daxun menyediakan layanan rantai baja tahan karat dan telah menjalin hubungan kerja sama jangka panjang dengan puluhan pabrik baja terkenal di seluruh dunia. Persediaannya mencakup 50.000 ton gulungan baja tahan karat konvensional dan 20.000 ton baja dupleks, paduan berbasis nikel, baja tahan panas, dan logam lainnya. Bahan baja tahan karat Daxun memiliki kualitas yang konsisten. Jenis, spesifikasi, dan bobot pengiriman secara ketat mematuhi standar.

What Is Duplex 2507 Stainless Steel?

Duplex 2507 stainless steel is a super duplex steel with low carbon content (up to 0.03%), chromium (~25%), nickel (~7%), and molybdenum (~4%). Duplex 2507 stainless steel is designed to satisfy the high demands of applications requiring great strength and corrosion resistance. These applications include chemical process equipment, the petrochemical industry, and seawater equipment. This steel is very resistant to chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking. Because of its high chromium, molybdenum, and nitrogen content, it provides excellent resistance to pitting, crevice, and general corrosion.

How Is Duplex 2507 Stainless Steel Made?

• Duplex 2507 stainless steel is normally manufactured in the same manner as other current high-alloy steels. An electric arc furnace is used to melt scrap steel and add the desired alloys. Once the steel is molten, it is moved to an AOD (argon oxygen decarburization) converter, where numerous important processes occur, including decarburization, sulfur refinement, and the elimination of dissolved gases.
• Nitrogen is generally added to the steel during the AOD process. The steel is then sent to the ladle furnace, where the inclusions are adjusted.
• Following these preliminary procedures, the molten steel is transferred to the casting operation, which can produce solitary ingots (huge metal blocks) or continuously produced blooms. These solid steel blooms or ingots are further refined by being reheated and then forged or rolled to the desired thickness. To achieve homogeneous internal structure, a heat treatment known as solution annealing is used, followed by a water quenching procedure.
• Duplex 2507 coil materials can be fabricated using either hot or cold forming processes. For hot forming, the temperature should be set between 1024 °C and 1232 °C. Following the hot forming step, a solution annealing process should be performed at a minimum temperature of 1052-1125 °C, followed by a fast water quench. Cold forming, which includes bending, deep drawing, extruding, and pressing, requires a following heat treatment that includes solution annealing and quenching.

How Does Duplex 2507 Stainless Steel Differ From Duplex Steel?

• Duplex 2507 stainless steel is considered a super duplex stainless steel. Duplex stainless steels are a type of stainless steel having a microstructure that contains both ferrite and austenite in roughly equal amounts. They integrate some of the most valuable features from each of these phases. This unique mix provides duplex stainless steel with high corrosion resistance as well as strong mechanical strength. However, different duplex steel grades provide differing levels of corrosion resistance. While they have good resistance to localized corrosion including pitting, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking, the exact level of resistance varies depending on the grade and alloy composition. Duplex stainless steels are split into four categories based on their PREN (Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number) range. Among these groups, super duplex stainless steel has a PREN number ranging from 38 to 45.

What Are the Uses of Duplex 2507 Stainless Steel?

Some common applications of Duplex 2507 stainless steel include:

1. Desalinasi.
2. Oil and gas industry equipment, including offshore platforms, pipelines, and well casings.
3. Chemical processing equipment, especially for handling corrosive chemicals.
4. Pulp and paper industry, particularly bleaching process equipment.
5. Petrochemical industry applications, including PVC strippers.
6. Pabrik desalinasi air.
7. Power industry equipment, such as flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems.
8. Marine components, including ship propellers and shafts.
9. Pollution control equipment such as scrubbers.
10. Fittings are crucial components for connecting and controlling the flow of fluids in pipelines and systems. This includes elbows, tees, stub-ends, returns, caps, crosses, reducers, and pipe nipples, among others.

What Are the Advantages of Using Duplex 2507 Stainless Steel?

The advantages of using Duplex 2507 stainless steel include:

• It is very resistant to pitting corrosion, having a PREN of up to 43. This means it has better corrosion resistance than stainless steel grades such as 254SMO. Duplex 2507 is also highly resistant to other types of corrosion, such as Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC), crevice corrosion, and general corrosion. These combined corrosion-resistant qualities make Duplex 2507 an adaptable and dependable alternative for a wide range of applications in harsh environments.
• 2507 provides twice the yield strength of 300 class stainless steel. This strength advantage allows for thinner steel sections and lower material costs for equipment operating under the same load levels.
• It has double the yield and tensile strength of standard stainless steel. This leads to greatly better wear resistance.

Standards

• ASTM/ASME ………. A240 – UNS S32750
  EURONORM………… 1.4410 – X2 Cr Ni MoN 25.7.4
  AFNOR……………….. Z3 CN 25.06 Az

CORROSION RESISTANCE

General corrosion

• SAF 2507™ is highly resistant to corrosion by organic acids, e.g. experience less than 0.05 mm/year in 10% formic and 50% acetic acid where ASTM 316L has corrosion rate higher than 0.2 mm/year. Pure formic acid see Figure 4. Also in contaminated acid SAF 2507™ remains resistant.
• Figure 5 and Figure 6 show results from tests of SAF™ 2507 and various stainless steels and nickel alloys in acetic acid contaminated with chlorides which in practice are frequently present in processes.
• 

Figure 4. Isocorrosion diagram in formic acid. The curves represent a corrosion rate of 0.1 mm/year (4 mpy) in stagnant test solution.

Figure 5. Corrosion rate of various alloys in 80% acetic acid with 2000 ppm chloride ions at 90°C.

Figure 6. Corrosion rate of various alloys in concentrated acetic acid with 200 ppm chloride ions.

Practical experience with SAF™ 2507 in organic acids, e.g. in terephthalic acid plants, has shown that this alloy is highly resistant to this type of environment. The alloy is therefore a competitive alternative to high alloyed austenitics and nickel alloys in applications where standard austenitic stainless steels corrode at a high rate.

Resistance to inorganic acids is comparable to, or even better than that of high alloy austenitic stainless steels in certain concentration ranges. Figures 7 to 9 show isocorrosion diagrams for sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid contaminated with 2000 ppm chloride ions, and hydrochloric acid, respectively.

Figure 7. Isocorrosion diagram in naturally aerated sulfuric acid. The curves represent a corrosion rate of 0.1 mm/year (4 mpy) in a stagnant test solution.

Figure 8. Isocorrosion diagram, 0.1 mm/year (4 mpy) in a naturally aerated sulfuric acid containing 2000 ppm chloride ions.

Figure 9. Isocorrosion diagram in hydrochloric acid. The curves represent a corrosion rate of 0.1 mm/year (4 mpy) in stagnant test solution.

Pitting and crevice corrosion

The pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of stainless steel is primarily determined by the content of chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen. The manufacturing and fabrication practices, e.g. welding, are also of vital importance for the actual performance in service.

A parameter for comparing the resistance to pitting in chloride environments is the PRE number (Pitting Resistance Equivalent).
The PRE is defined as, in weight-%
PRE = %Cr + 3.3 x %Mo + 16 x %N

For duplex stainless steels the pitting corrosion resistance is dependent on the PRE value in both the ferrite phase and the austenite phase, so that the phase with the lowest PRE value will be limiting for the actual pitting corrosion resistance. In SAF™ 2507 the PRE value is equal in both phases, which has been achieved by a careful balance of the elements.

The minimum PRE value for SAF™ 2507 seamless tubes is 42.5. This is significantly higher than e.g. the PRE values for other duplex stainless steels of the 25Cr type which are not super-duplex. As an example, UNS S31260 25Cr3Mo0.2N has a minimum PRE-value of 33.

One of the most severe pitting and crevice corrosion tests applied to stainless steel is ASTM G48, i.e. exposure to 6% FeCI₃ with and without crevices (method A and B respectively). In a modified version of the ASTM G48 A test, the sample is exposed for periods of 24 hours. When pits are detected together with a substantial weight loss (>5 mg), the test is interrupted. Otherwise, the temperature is increased by 5 °C (9 °F) and the test is continued with the same sample. Figure 11 shows critical pitting and crevice temperatures (CPT and CCT) from the test.

Potentiostatic tests in solutions with different chloride contents are presented in Figure 11. Figure 12 shows the effect of increased acidity. In both cases the applied potential is 600 mV vs SCE, a very high value compared with that normally associated with natural unchlorinated seawater, thus resulting in lower critical temperatures compared with most practical service conditions.

Figure 10. Critical pitting and crevice temperatures in 6% FeCl₃, 24h (similar to ASTM G48).

The scatter band for SAF™ 2507 and 6Mo+N illustrates the fact that both alloys have similar resistance to pitting, and CPT-values are within the range shown in the figure.

Tests were performed in natural seawater to determine the critical crevice corrosion temperature of samples with an applied potential of 150 mV vs SCE. The temperature was raised by 4°C (7^oF) steps every 24 hours until crevice corrosion occurred. The results are shown in the table below.

In these tests the propagation rates of initiated crevice corrosion attacks, at 15-50°C (59-122°F) and an applied potential of 150 mV vs SCE were also determined. These were found to be around ten times lower for SAF™ 2507 than for the 6Mo+N alloy.

Figure 11. Critical pitting temperatures (CPT) at varying concentrations of sodium chloride, from 3 to 25% (potentiostatic determination at +600 mV SCE with surface ground with 600 grit paper).

Figure 12. Critical pitting temperatures (CPT) in 3% NaCl with varying pH (potentiostatic determination at +600 mV SCE with surface ground with 600 grit paper).

The corrosion resistance of SAF™ 2507 in oxidizing chloride solutions is illustrated by critical pitting temperatures (CPT) determined in a ‘Green death’ -solution (1% FeCI₃ + 1% CuCl₂ +11% H₂SO₄ + 1.2% HCI) and in a ‘Yellow death’ -solution (0.1 % Fe₂(SO₄)₃ + 4% NaCl + 0.01 M HCI). The table below shows CPT-values for different alloys in these solutions. It is clear that the values for SAF™ 2507 are on the same level as those for the nickel alloy UNS N06625. The tests demonstrate a good correlation with the ranking of alloys for use as reheater tubes in flue gas desulfurization systems.

Critical pitting temperature (CPT) determined in different test solutions.

Stress corrosion cracking

SAF™ 2507 has excellent resistance to chloride induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC).

The SCC resistance of SAF™ 2507 in chloride solutions at high temperatures is illustrated in Figure 13. There were no signs of SCC up to 1000 ppm Cl^–/300°C and 10000 ppm Cl^–/250°C.

SAF™ 2507 U-bend specimens exposed for 1000 hours in hot brine (108°C, 226°F, 25% NaCl) showed no cracking.
The threshold stress for SAF 2507^® in 40% CaCl₂ at 100 °C (210 °F) and pH = 6.5 is above 90% of the tensile strength for both parent metal and welded joints (TIG-welded with Alleima® 25.10.4.L or MMA-welded with Alleima® 25.10.4.LR).

Figure 14 shows the result of testing in 40% CaCl₂ at 100 °C (210 °F) acidified to pH = 1.5. Acidifying of the standard test solution to pH = 1.5 lowers the threshold stress for SAF™ 2205, but not for SAF™ 2507. This applies to both parent metal and welded joints.

The threshold stress for both parent metal and welded joints of SAF™ 2507 in boiling 45% MgCl₂ , 155°C (311°F) (ASTM G36), is approximately 50% of the proof strength.

Figure 13. SCC resistance in oxygen-bearing (abt. 8 ppm) neutral chloride solutions. Testing time 1000 hours. Applied stress equal to proof strength at testing temperature.

Figure 14. Results of SCC tests with constant load in 40% CaCl₂, pH=1.5, at 100 °C (210°F) with aerated test solution.

Figure 15. Constant load SCC tests in NACE solution at room temperature (NACE TM 0177).

Figure 15 shows the results of SCC tests at room temperature in NACE TM0177 Test solution A (5% sodium chloride and 0.5% acetic acid saturated with hydrogen sulfide). No cracking occurred on SAF™ 2507, irrespective of the applied stress.

In aqueous solutions containing hydrogen sulfide and chlorides, stress corrosion cracking can also occur on stainless steels at temperatures below 60 °C (140 °F). The corrosivity of such solutions is affected by acidity and chloride content. In direct contrast to the case with ordinary chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking, ferritic stainless steels are more sensitive to this type of stress corrosion cracking than austenitic steels.

In accordance with ISO 15156/NACE MR 0175 solution annealed and rapid cooled wrought SAF™ 2507 is suitable for use at temperatures up to 450 °F (232 °C) in sour environments in oil and gas production, if the partial pressure of hydrogen sulphide does not exceed 3 psi (0.20 bar).

SAF™ 2507, with a maximum hardness of 32 HRC, solution annealed and rapidly cooled, according to NACE MR0103, is suitable for use in sour petroleum refining.

Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking (HISC)

Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking (HISC) is an embrittlement phenomenon that may occur in cathodically protected subsea steel constructions in the presence of high tensile stresses. When connected to cathodically protected carbon steels, super duplex stainless steels will also be cathodically protected even though this is not necessary. At the prevalent low electrochemical potentials, atomic hydrogen will be generated on the steel surfaces by the reduction of sea water. Embrittlement due to HISC may occur when hydrogen diffuses into the metal.

Hydrogen diffuses much faster in the ferrite phase than in the austenite phase. Therefore, ferritic steels and ferrite containing steels, e.g. super duplex stainless steels, are more susceptible to HISC than austenitic stainless steels. A high mechanical stress increases the risk of HISC by increasing the hydrogen diffusion rate, crack initiation and propagation in the material.

In super duplex stainless steels, cracks tend to propagate in the embrittled ferrite phase and arrest at ferrite-austenite phase boundaries. Susceptibility to HISC significantly increases with increasing austenite spacing. Coarse-grained microstructures are therefore more susceptible. A testing program performed at Alleima Materials Technology has confirmed that tendency to HISC is reduced when austenite spacing is less than 30 μm, as recommended by DNV RP-F112. Cold pilgered and solution annealed tubes with austenite spacing between 5-15 μm have shown very good resistance to HISC under applied stress up to 130% of the yield strength without cracking.

The acceptable stress without HISC occurring for products with different austenite spacing is illustrated in figure 16.

Figure 16. Tolerable stress as a percentage of the actual yield strength at 4°C without HISC occurring is schematically shown for tube and bar products with different austenite spacing. SAF™ 2507 (UNS S32750) has been tested on hydrogen pre-charged tensile specimens, using constant load with a dead weight, with an applied potential of -1050 mV/SCE in a electrochemical cell with 3% NaCl solution at 4°C, 500 hours. [NACE paper no. 07498]

Intergranular corrosion

SAF™ 2507 is a member of the family of modern duplex stainless steels whose chemical composition is balanced to give quick reformation of austenite in the high temperature heat affected zone of a weld. This results in a microstructure that provides the material with good resistance to intergranular corrosion. SAF™ 2507 passes testing to ASTM A262 Practice E (Strauss test) without reservation.

Erosion corrosion

The mechanical properties combined with corrosion resistance give SAF™ 2507 a good resistance to erosion corrosion. Testing in sand containing media has shown that SAF™ 2507 has an erosion corrosion resistance better than corresponding austenitic stainless steels. Figure 17 below shows the relative mass loss rate of the duplex SAF™ 2507, SAF™ 2205 and an austenitic 6Mo+N type steel after exposure to synthetic seawater (ASTM D-1141) containing 0.025-0.25% silica sand at a velocity of 8.9-29.3 m/s (average of all tests is shown).

Figure 17. Relative mass loss rate after testing of the resistance against erosion corrosion.

Corrosion fatigue

Duplex stainless steels which have a high tensile strength usually have a high fatigue limit and high resistance to both fatigue and corrosion fatigue.

The high fatigue strength of SAF™ 2507 can be explained by its good mechanical properties, while its high resistance to corrosion fatigue has been proven by fatigue testing in corrosive media.

PENGOLAHAN

Hot Forming
2507 can be hot formed at temperatures ranging from 1875°F to 2250°F. This should be followed by a solution anneal at a minimum temperature of 1925°F, followed by a rapid air or water quench.

Cold Forming
Cold working 2507 can be accomplished using most typical stainless steel forming processes. Because the alloy has a higher yield strength than austenitic steels, but lower ductility, fabricators may need to use higher forming forces, larger bend radii, and springback allowances. Deep drawing, stretching, and other similar processes are more difficult for 2507 than for austenitic stainless steels. Solution annealing and quenching are recommended when the forming process requires more than 10% cold deformation.

Heat Treatment
Heat treatment for 2507 consists of solution annealing and quenching after hot or cold forming. Solution annealing should be performed at a minimum temperature of 1925°F. Annealing should be followed immediately by a rapid air or water quench. Heat treated items that are pickled and rinsed have excellent corrosion resistance.

Welding
2507 is weldable and can be joined to other materials using SMAW, GTAW, PAW, FCW, or SAW. When welding 2507, a 2507/P100 filler metal is recommended to ensure proper duplex weld construction.

2507 does not require preheating except to prevent condensation on cold metal. Interpass welding temperatures should not exceed 300°F or weld integrity will be compromised. To maximize corrosion resistance, root protection should be applied using either argon or 90% N2/10% H2 purge gas. The latter provides higher corrosion resistance.

Apa saja permukaan kumparan baja tahan karat yang umum digunakan?

Permukaan akhir dari 201 kumparan baja tahan karat dapat bervariasi tergantung pada metode pemrosesan penggulungan dingin yang digunakan dan perawatan permukaan yang digunakan setelah penggulungan. Perawatan permukaan untuk kumparan baja tahan karat meliputi NO.1, 2B, 4, HL, 6, 8, BA, TR keras, penggulungan berat 2H cerah, dipoles cerah, dan perawatan permukaan lainnya:

• NO.1: Permukaan yang diperoleh setelah pengerolan panas, perlakuan panas dan pengawetan strip baja tahan karat. Ini digunakan untuk menghilangkan kerak oksida hitam yang terbentuk oleh pengawetan atau proses serupa selama pengerolan panas dan perlakuan panas. Ini menempati urutan pertama dalam perawatan permukaan. Permukaan No. 1 berwarna putih keperakan dan matte. Umumnya digunakan dalam industri tahan panas dan tahan korosi yang tidak membutuhkan kilap permukaan yang tinggi, seperti industri alkohol, industri kimia, wadah besar, dll.
• 2B: Tidak seperti permukaan 2D, permukaan 2B dihaluskan oleh roller ringan, dan permukaannya lebih cerah. Nilai Ra kekasaran permukaan yang diukur oleh peralatan berkisar antara 0,1 hingga 0,5μm, yang merupakan nilai tipikal untuk sebagian besar jenis pemrosesan. Permukaan strip baja tahan karat ini memiliki kemampuan beradaptasi terkuat dan cocok untuk industri seperti kimia, pembuatan kertas, perminyakan, medis, dan berbagai bidang seperti membangun dinding tirai.
• Permukaan keras TR: TR stainless steel is also called hard steel. Its characteristic steel grades include 304 and 301, which are used for items that require high strength and hardness, such as railway vehicles, conveyor belts, springs and washers. The idea is to use the work hardening characteristics of austenitic stainless steel to improve the strength and hardness of steel plates through cold working methods such as rolling. In order to replace the gentle flatness of the 2B base surface, the hard material is gently rolled by a few percent to tens of percent, and no annealing is performed after rolling. Therefore, the TR hard surface of the hard material is the rolled surface after the cold rolling process.
• Penggulungan ulang 2H yang cerah: Setelah operasi penggulungan, strip baja tahan karat akan dianil dengan cerah. Garis anil kontinu dapat digunakan untuk mendinginkan strip dengan cepat. Strip baja tahan karat bergerak di sepanjang garis dengan kecepatan 60-80m / menit. Setelah proses ini, permukaan akhir akan digulung kembali menjadi cerah 2H.
• No. 4: The No. 4 surface has a good polishing effect and is brighter than No. 3. It can also be obtained by polishing the cold-rolled stainless steel plate with a 2D or 2B surface, and then polishing the processed surface with a sanding belt with a particle size of 150-180#. The tool measures the surface roughness (Ra) between 0.2 and 1.5μm. The No. 4 surface is widely used in restaurants and cooking equipment, medical equipment, architectural decoration, containers and other applications.
• HL: Permukaan HL sering disebut sebagai hasil akhir garis rambut. Standar JIS Jepang menetapkan permukaan abrasif garis rambut kontinu yang diperoleh dengan memoles menggunakan sabuk abrasif 150-240#. Pembatasan di bawah standar GB3280 Cina tidak jelas. Permukaan akhir HL biasanya digunakan untuk dekorasi arsitektur, seperti lift, eskalator, dan dinding eksterior.
• No. 6: Permukaan No. 6 dipoles lebih lanjut berdasarkan No. 4 dengan sikat Tampico atau bahan abrasif grit W63 yang ditentukan dalam standar GB2477. Permukaannya memiliki kilau logam yang bagus, kelembutan, pantulan yang lemah, dan tidak ada pencitraan. Karena kinerjanya yang bagus, ini sangat cocok untuk dinding gorden, dekorasi rumbai, dan perlengkapan memasak.
• BA: BA adalah permukaan yang diberi perlakuan panas cerah setelah penggulungan dingin. Perlakuan panas terang adalah anil dalam atmosfer pelindung untuk memastikan bahwa permukaan tidak teroksidasi dan mempertahankan kilau permukaan canai dingin, dan kemudian dipoles dengan roller halus presisi tinggi untuk meningkatkan kecerahan permukaan. Instrumen mengevaluasi kekasaran permukaan menjadi 0,05-0,1μm, yang menunjukkan bahwa permukaannya dekat dengan permukaan cermin. Permukaan BA dapat digunakan dalam berbagai aplikasi, termasuk peralatan makanan, peralatan rumah tangga, peralatan medis, suku cadang otomotif, dan dekorasi.
• No. 8: Permukaan cermin, reflektifitas maksimum, tidak ada partikel abrasif. Industri pengolahan dalam baja tahan karat juga mengacu pada papan 8K. Bahan BA sering digunakan sebagai bahan baku untuk pemrosesan cermin. Itu hanya perlu dipoles. Permukaannya indah setelah pemrosesan cermin dan sering digunakan pada pintu masuk gedung dan dekorasi interior.

What is the standard sea packaging of 2507 stainless steel coil?

• Kemasan laut standar ekspor:
  Gulungan Kertas Tahan Air + Film PVC + Tali Pengikat + Pallet Kayu atau Kotak Kayu;
• Kemasan yang disesuaikan dengan permintaan Anda (Logo atau konten lain dapat dicetak pada kemasan);
• Kemasan khusus lainnya akan dirancang sesuai permintaan pelanggan;
  Mata ke dinding dan mata ke langit keduanya tersedia;
• Dengan Ekspres Internasional: DHL/UPS/FEDEX/EMS dan jalur ekspres kami sendiri;
• Melalui udara, laut atau darat;
• Pelabuhan Pengiriman: Shanghai, Ningbo, Qingdao, Tianjin atau sebagai permintaan Anda.

Hubungi pemasok kumparan baja tahan karat Anda

• Anda dapat dengan mudah memesan gulungan baja tahan karat dalam berbagai ukuran dan jumlah secara online.
  Atau, tim penjualan kami yang ramah akan dengan senang hati menerima pesanan Anda. Cukup hubungi +86 13382898899 atau email Daxunhejin@gmail dan kami akan menghubungi Anda sesegera mungkin.