{"id":19565,"date":"2026-09-08T12:42:31","date_gmt":"2026-09-08T04:42:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/daxuns.com\/?p=19565"},"modified":"2026-09-08T12:42:31","modified_gmt":"2026-09-08T04:42:31","slug":"wet-fgd-absorber-liner-material-selection","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/daxuns.com\/id\/wet-fgd-absorber-liner-material-selection\/","title":{"rendered":"Wet FGD Absorber Metallic Liner Material Selection: Zones, Alloys, and Acceptance"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Direct answer:<\/strong> A wet FGD absorber does not have one universally correct metallic liner. Define the environment by zone, including liquor chemistry, chlorides, pH, temperature, wet\/dry cycling, deposits, solids, crevices, cleaning, and upset conditions. Then compare C-276, C-22, Alloy 625, Alloy 59, or other approved materials together with the construction route, weld system, inspection plan, and repair strategy.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

WET FGD METALLIC LINER PROCUREMENT GUIDE<\/p>

Select each absorber zone from its chemistry, temperature, deposits, wet\/dry cycles, construction route, weld system and fabricated-condition acceptance evidence.<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\"Wet
A defensible wet-FGD liner decision starts with the local corrosion zone and ends with fabricated-condition evidence.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Selecting a nominally corrosion-resistant alloy is only the first decision. The metallic barrier may be solid sheet or plate, thin mechanically attached \u201cwallpaper,\u201d integrally bonded clad plate, or a weld overlay. Each route changes the possible defects, substrate interaction, weld dilution, inspectability, repair method, and evidence needed for acceptance. An Alloy C-276 sheet Material Test Certificate (MTC), for example, does not prove that every installed seam is continuous or that a steel-diluted weld deposit has the same corrosion behavior as the sheet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DAXUN manufactures nickel-alloy sheet and plate and performs agreed cutting, forming, machining, welding preparation, heat treatment, surface preparation, inspection, marking, and shop fabrication in-house. The exact lining system, bonded-clad route, field installation scope, code responsibility, and site acceptance plan must be confirmed in writing for each project. No unverified site-contractor qualification, fixed service life, stock level, or installation capacity is implied here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why must the absorber be divided into corrosion zones?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Divide the equipment before selecting the metal because the most aggressive location may not be the nominal bulk-slurry region. Wet FGD systems contact gas, reagent slurry, recirculating liquor, solids, oxidation air, wash water, mist, deposits, and condensate. An OEM description of wet scrubber operation confirms that reagent system, spray contact, oxidation arrangement, and moisture separation are linked parts of the process.[10]<\/sup> The local metal surface can nevertheless experience a chemistry very different from the average tank sample.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Historical EPRI experience identifies recurring problems at wet\/dry interfaces, locations where condensate or slurry pools, and discontinuities in protective coverage.[5]<\/sup> The interface can move during startup, shutdown, load change, wash cycles, or gas-flow variation. Evaporation at a warm partially wetted surface can concentrate dissolved species. Deposits can shield a small volume of liquid, restrict oxygen transport, and create a crevice-like microenvironment. Poor drainage extends time of wetness even when the main process stream has moved elsewhere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result is a causal chain:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Local wetting or deposits \u2192 concentrated and differential chemistry \u2192 passive-film challenge or crevice initiation \u2192 attack at an edge, seam, attachment, or weld \u2192 loss of barrier continuity \u2192 accelerated substrate damage.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That chain is why a single bulk pH, chloride value, or absorber outlet temperature cannot qualify the whole lining. A useful corrosion map distinguishes at least the raw-gas inlet and transition, spray\/contact region, slurry pool, mist eliminator and wash zones, internal attachments, drains, access openings, stagnant crevices, and any downstream wet duct or stack interface included in the project.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zone\/input<\/th>Data the material review needs<\/th>Why the local condition can differ<\/th>Decision affected<\/th><\/tr>
Raw-gas inlet \/ wet-dry transition<\/td>Gas and metal temperatures, quench behavior, acid dew-point risk, wetting pattern, startup\/shutdown excursions<\/td>Intermittent wetting and evaporation can concentrate condensate; thermal gradients move the interface<\/td>Alloy shortlist, extent of coverage, joint layout, thermal movement and inspection access<\/td><\/tr>
Spray\/contact zone<\/td>Recirculating liquor analysis, droplet impingement, gas velocity, oxidizing species, solids and erosion<\/td>Continuous spray is not uniform at shadowed surfaces or near supports<\/td>Sheet thickness, alloy, erosion allowance, seams and attachment details<\/td><\/tr>
Slurry pool and lower absorber<\/td>pH distribution, chloride and other ions, dissolved oxygen\/redox, solids, temperature, agitation and stagnant pockets<\/td>Settling, crevices and local aeration alter chemistry at the surface<\/td>Alloy, crevice control, bottom details, cleanout and repair access<\/td><\/tr>
Mist eliminator \/ wash<\/td>Wash chemistry and frequency, carryover, drainage, deposits and shutdown condition<\/td>Repeated wet\/dry cycles and retained deposits can dominate<\/td>Coverage limits, surface finish, drainability and cleaning procedure<\/td><\/tr>
Nozzles, beams, clips, penetrations and manways<\/td>Dissimilar materials, welds, gaskets, loads, crevice geometry and replacement method<\/td>Attachments interrupt the barrier and create inaccessible shielded regions<\/td>Detail material, filler, isolation, NDE and replaceable design<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

An IEA Coal Research review from 2000 reported absorber-region examples around pH 5\u20136.5 and gas temperatures of 49\u201366\u00b0C.[11]<\/sup> Those numbers are historical scenario data, not modern universal operating limits. They should never be used to fill blanks in a new project. Slurry temperature, gas temperature, condensing-surface temperature, and short excursions must also remain separate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Wet
Bulk slurry chemistry is only one input; wet\/dry interfaces, deposits, attachments and transients need separate review.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

How should the service data sheet be built?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Build a zone-specific design envelope that includes normal, cleaning, startup, shutdown, outage, and credible upset states. A single \u201cchloride ppm\u201d field is inadequate without sampling location, analytical basis, range, peaks, temperature, pH, redox\/oxidants, time, and whether deposits concentrate the solution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At minimum, request the reagent and fuel context; bulk and local liquor analyses; chloride, fluoride and sulfur species where relevant; pH and redox; suspended solids; gas, liquid and estimated metal temperatures; velocity or impingement; oxygen\/oxidation mode; wetting and drying sequence; deposit composition; cleaning chemicals; expected inspection interval; and consequence of leakage. If the project is a repair, add actual wall-loss maps, photographs, deposit analyses, previous material and filler records, leak locations, and operating history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uncertainty should be visible. If an upset chloride peak is unknown, it is better to state \u201cnot measured\u201d and define a sampling or conservative review action than to assume the normal laboratory report covers it. If a deposit cannot be characterized before outage, plan a deposit and under-deposit sampling task. Material selection improves when missing evidence becomes a hold point instead of an optimistic number.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How should C-276, C-22, Alloy 625, and Alloy 59 be shortlisted?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Shortlist alloys against the zone and fabricated condition rather than treating trade names as a universal ranking. ASTM B575-17(2023) is the relevant wrought flat-product specification identified for low-carbon nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy sheet, plate, and strip including UNS N10276, N06022, and N06059.[1]<\/sup> ASTM B443-26 covers N06625 flat products in Grade 1 annealed and Grade 2 solution-annealed conditions.[2]<\/sup> These standards establish material-order frameworks; neither declares one alloy suitable for an FGD zone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C-276 is a widely used nickel-chromium-molybdenum-tungsten corrosion-resistant alloy, and C-22 uses a different chromium-molybdenum-tungsten balance. Producer data describe both as resistant across broad corrosive-media categories, with C-22 emphasizing oxidizing and localized-corrosion resistance and C-276 retaining broad mixed-environment capability.[7]<\/sup>[8]<\/sup> Alloy 625 has a nickel-chromium-molybdenum-niobium chemistry and useful strength\/fabricability, but its presence in FGD-related literature does not make it the default choice for severe acidic chloride crevices. Alloy 59 is another high-molybdenum nickel alloy that may warrant consideration; VDM reports scrubber applications but its marine scrubber context must not be transferred automatically to stationary power-plant FGD.[9]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Candidate<\/th>Why it may enter a shortlist<\/th>Questions that can change the decision<\/th>What the name or MTC cannot prove<\/th><\/tr>
Alloy C-276 \/ UNS N10276<\/td>Established corrosion-resistant Ni-Cr-Mo-W material; historical FGD use and strong mixed-environment interest<\/td>Oxidizing level, chlorides, acids, crevices, deposits, weld metal, fabrication and existing approvals<\/td>Installed weld quality, coverage continuity, service life or superiority in every zone<\/td><\/tr>
Alloy C-22 \/ UNS N06022<\/td>High chromium with Mo\/W; considered where oxidizing and localized-corrosion demands matter<\/td>Actual chemistry, temperature, crevice severity, filler and purchaser\/OEM approval<\/td>A universal safe chloride, pH or temperature limit<\/td><\/tr>
Alloy 625 \/ UNS N06625<\/td>Useful combination of strength, fabricability and resistance; may fit defined zones or existing-material constraints<\/td>Whether local acidic chloride\/crevice exposure exceeds its verified capability; required grade\/condition and weld route<\/td>That ASTM B443 Grade 2 is an FGD corrosion grade or that strength compensates for corrosion mismatch<\/td><\/tr>
Alloy 59 \/ UNS N06059<\/td>High-alloy candidate with relevant producer scrubber references<\/td>Stationary FGD evidence, fabrication route, filler, availability, project qualification and cost<\/td>Automatic transfer of marine seawater-scrubber performance to power FGD<\/td><\/tr>
Other metallic or nonmetallic system<\/td>May fit temperature, abrasion, repair, cost, or owner-standard constraints<\/td>Permeation, adhesion, spark testing, thermal movement, fire\/maintenance, substrate condition and vendor qualification<\/td>Equivalence to a metallic barrier or acceptance under a metallic material standard<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The selection can legitimately differ by zone. A project may use one material in the bulk absorber and another at the inlet, around attachments, or in repairs. That does not justify a patchwork without transition details. Every material boundary needs compatible joining, isolation, drainage, inspection, and future repair access.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laboratory rankings require special care. Haynes publishes a 72-hour acidified 6 wt.% ferric-chloride comparison that includes C-22, C-276, and 625, but the retrieved page has a temperature-header inconsistency and does not place all coupon form, prior condition, finish, and crevice details beside the table.[7]<\/sup> Those numbers are therefore not reproduced here as a universal ranking. A ferric-chloride result can support a controlled comparison; it cannot establish an absorber operating temperature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Which metallic-lining construction route fits the project?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Choose the construction route at the same time as the alloy. A corrosion-resistant sheet can perform differently when it becomes a thin attached lining, the cladding layer of a bonded composite, or a diluted overlay deposit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Construction route<\/th>Material\/structure<\/th>Main advantages<\/th>Main risks and required evidence<\/th><\/tr>
Solid alloy sheet or plate<\/td>Corrosion-resistant alloy through the ordered thickness<\/td>Simple material identity; damage does not immediately expose steel<\/td>Higher alloy mass; forming\/welding distortion; seam and attachment details; wrought MTC does not certify fabrication<\/td><\/tr>
Metallic wallpaper<\/td>Thin alloy sheet attached over a structural steel substrate, with sealed seams\/details<\/td>Lower alloy mass and practical retrofit potential<\/td>Pinholes, incomplete seams, attachment\/edge crevices, buckling, trapped liquid, steel dilution during welding, difficult behind-sheet inspection<\/td><\/tr>
Integrally bonded clad plate<\/td>Nickel-alloy layer continuously bonded to steel plate<\/td>Structural steel with corrosion-resistant surface; shop fabrication potential<\/td>Bond quality, forming effects, remaining cladding thickness, edge exposure, weld restoration and composite acceptance<\/td><\/tr>
Weld overlay<\/td>Corrosion-resistant weld deposit on substrate<\/td>Local repair or shaped coverage; no separate sheet seams in covered area<\/td>Dilution, segregation, lack of fusion, porosity, cracks, deposit chemistry at depth, surface finish and layer consistency<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

ASTM A265-12(2026) covers steel plate with an integrally and continuously bonded nickel or nickel-alloy cladding layer.[3]<\/sup> It must not be cited for mechanically attached wallpaper merely because both place nickel alloy over steel. Its composite material tests also do not prove that a fabricated vessel or absorber is leak-tight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wallpaper details need an installation drawing, sheet thickness, seam type, overlap or joint geometry, attachment spacing, termination details, penetrations, corners, expansion accommodation, drainage, inspection sequence, and repair method. The steel substrate supplies structural capacity unless the design says otherwise. The thin alloy barrier should not be credited with unverified structural load capacity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For bonded clad, define the base plate, cladding alloy, nominal and minimum remaining cladding thickness, bond acceptance, forming route, edge preparation, weld restoration, and how the corrosion-resistant layer is measured after fabrication. For overlay, define the process, consumable classification, qualified procedure, target deposit chemistry at a stated depth, minimum finished thickness, dilution control, interpass\/heat input limits where applicable, surface finish, NDE, and any corrosion qualification. A wrought B575 or B443 certificate cannot replace those deposit controls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Metallic
Solid alloy, wallpaper, bonded clad and weld overlay create different failure modes and acceptance requirements.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Why is the weld system often the controlling risk?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Review parent metal, filler, dilution, joint geometry, heat input, restraint, access, finish, and inspection as one corrosion system. Special Metals explains that preferential weld-metal attack can arise from solidification segregation and dilution and is not the same mechanism as heat-affected-zone sensitization.[6]<\/sup> A parent sheet with excellent laboratory resistance can therefore be undermined by a lower-resistance weld, exposed steel, an unsealed edge, or an unground crevice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Historical EPRI observations describe corrosion near welds where inappropriate filler or steel dilution contributed, as well as failures associated with incomplete protective coverage and pooling.[5]<\/sup> These are valuable failure lessons, but they do not prove that every C-series alloy weld will fail. They support procedure qualification, material control, welder access, continuity checks, drainage, and inspection of the actual detail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOvermatching\u201d filler is sometimes considered to compensate for weld-metal segregation, yet it is not a universal prescription. The filler must be compatible with both sides of the joint, the construction code, procedure qualification, thermal movement, corrosion environment, and owner approval. Dissimilar transitions and steel-backed repairs need particular attention to the location and extent of dilution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Surface finish matters after welding. Sharp undercut, excessive reinforcement, oxide, slag, arc strikes, rough grinding, stop-start craters, and inaccessible overlaps can retain deposits or create local crevices. The acceptance plan should state cleaning, weld-profile, visual, penetrant, leak, and any supplementary examination criteria rather than asking only for \u201cgood workmanship.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What corrosion testing can support the choice?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Use laboratory tests to answer a defined comparison question, not to simulate an entire absorber with one beaker. ASTM G48-25 provides ferric-chloride methods for pitting and crevice-corrosion screening of stainless steels and related alloys. Methods A and B address pitting and crevice testing, while Methods C and D determine critical temperatures for nickel-base\/chromium-bearing alloys.[4]<\/sup> The requested method, specimen, surface, crevice assembly, temperature, duration, evaluation, and acceptance must be stated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A bare statement such as \u201cpasses G48\u201d is incomplete. Different methods and temperatures answer different questions. The standard test solution does not include the full FGD combination of sulfur species, chloride\/fluoride, oxidants, solids, deposits, flow, erosion, wet\/dry cycling, and welded details. G48 can screen localized-corrosion resistance or compare procedures, but it does not guarantee service life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Special Metals reports a welded-combination exposure for three days at 103\u00b0C (217\u00b0F) in a solution containing 11.9% H2SO4, 1.3% HCl, 1% FeCl3, and 1% CuCl2.[6]<\/sup> Its value is methodological: the parent and filler combination was tested together under disclosed conditions. It is not an FGD operating envelope and should not be blended with a different producer’s \u201cGreen Death\u201d or ferric-chloride data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For a project-specific program, consider base metal, representative production welds, transitions, diluted overlay layers, formed regions, surface finishes, crevice fixtures, deposits or synthetic liquor, and wet\/dry cycles. Record solution preparation, analytical verification, temperature control, exposure time, specimen area, cleaning and mass-loss method, localized attack depth, photographs, and failure criterion. Field coupons or spool pieces can provide operating evidence, but their location and exposure must match the decision being made.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How should manufacturing and acceptance be linked?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Link every acceptance record to a production stage and a failure it can reveal. The material MTC establishes incoming heat chemistry and required product tests. A cutting map and transfer-marking record preserve identity after the sheet is divided. Forming records document the route that created seams, corners, or strain. Welding records connect the approved procedure, filler lot, operator qualification where required, and actual joint. Final NDE and leak checks address completed barrier continuity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Failure mode<\/th>Likely trigger<\/th>Consequence<\/th>Control and verification<\/th><\/tr>
Wrong alloy or product form<\/td>Trade name without UNS\/specification; mixed sheets or filler<\/td>Local section lacks intended resistance; invalid certification<\/td>MTC review, heat\/lot marking, PMI where specified, consumable control<\/td><\/tr>
Steel dilution \/ nonconforming deposit<\/td>Wallpaper seam or overlay procedure reaches substrate excessively<\/td>Lower local alloy content and preferential attack<\/td>Qualified weld\/overlay procedure, deposit chemistry at defined depth, macrosection or other agreed qualification<\/td><\/tr>
Pinholes or incomplete coverage<\/td>Missed seam, termination, penetration, attachment or repair<\/td>Liquor reaches structural steel behind liner<\/td>Visual and penetrant examination, defined leak\/holiday method where applicable, coverage map and hold points<\/td><\/tr>
Crevice and deposit trap<\/td>Rough weld, overlap, poor drainage, shadowed attachment<\/td>Concentrated local chemistry and hidden attack<\/td>Detail review, surface\/profile acceptance, drainage check, accessible inspection and cleaning plan<\/td><\/tr>
Distortion or buckling<\/td>Thin sheet, restraint, thermal expansion, weld sequence<\/td>Cracking, detached areas or new liquid traps<\/td>Fabrication sequence, fit-up\/attachment checks, dimensional survey, thermal-movement review<\/td><\/tr>
Bond or cladding loss<\/td>Inadequate composite bond, severe forming, edge damage<\/td>Local exposure of base steel<\/td>A265\/project bond tests, forming qualification, remaining-clad thickness and edge restoration checks<\/td><\/tr>
Traceability break during repair<\/td>Unmarked offcuts, undocumented filler or hidden patch<\/td>Repair cannot be tied to approved material\/procedure<\/td>Repair map, material\/consumable records, NDE report and final dossier index<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

DAXUN can manufacture the specified nickel-alloy flat product and shop-fabricated components while maintaining heat and lot traceability through agreed processing. DAXUN testing services<\/a> can be incorporated into a project inspection plan, and independent inspection or customer witness points can be added by agreement. The exact test capability, accreditation need, acceptance authority, and site work remain subject to the written order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The release package may include the MTC, incoming inspection, cut map, heat-treatment records where applicable, dimensional report, material-identification results, welding and consumable records, NDE reports, corrosion-test report, repair map, photographs, packing list, and third-party release. Listing a document does not make it mandatory; the RFQ must say which records the owner needs and at which hold point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How should an existing absorber repair be evaluated?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Treat repair selection as a failure investigation, not simply an opportunity to apply a more expensive alloy. Record the exact damaged zone, morphology, maximum and distributed wall loss, relationship to welds\/edges\/supports, deposits, drainage, operating transitions, previous repair materials, and time to recurrence. Take deposit and liquor samples before cleaning where practical, and preserve representative evidence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If damage is limited to a coverage discontinuity, repairing the detail and inspection access may matter more than changing the entire alloy. If preferential weld attack is repeated, filler, dilution, joint design, surface finish, and procedure qualification need review. If broad attack occurs only at a moving wet\/dry interface, extending coverage or changing the quench\/operating detail may be part of the solution. If liquid has reached the substrate behind wallpaper, the inspection must establish the hidden extent before a cosmetic patch closes the area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The repair design should state removal limits, substrate acceptance, patch geometry, corner radii, overlap or butt-joint detail, filler, welding sequence, NDE, leak\/holiday test where suitable, and how the location enters the future inspection map. A local repair certificate should not be represented as recertifying the entire absorber.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Send DAXUN the absorber zone map, service chemistry and transients, selected construction route, drawings, weld requirements, inspection criteria and delivery scope for a technical review and quotation.<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

What should the RFQ contain?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Provide process and construction information together. A drawing without chemistry cannot support alloy selection, while chemistry without joint and substrate details cannot support a liner quote.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

RFQ field<\/th>Required project information<\/th>Why it changes the decision<\/th><\/tr>
Equipment scope and zone map<\/td>Absorber sections, inlet\/outlet boundaries, internals, penetrations, drains and repair limits<\/td>Prevents bulk-zone assumptions from being applied to interfaces and details<\/td><\/tr>
Process envelope<\/td>Normal\/min\/max pH, ions, redox\/oxidants, solids, gas\/liquid\/metal temperatures, flow\/impingement, wet-dry and upset duration<\/td>Defines corrosion, erosion and thermal exposures<\/td><\/tr>
Existing condition<\/td>Base material, present lining\/clad\/overlay, wall-loss map, leak history, deposits, previous filler\/repairs<\/td>Distinguishes material mismatch from detail or operating failure<\/td><\/tr>
Candidate and specification<\/td>UNS designation, ASTM B575\/B443 or approved project spec, edition, condition and substitutions allowed<\/td>Establishes incoming material scope and approval route<\/td><\/tr>
Construction route<\/td>Solid, wallpaper, bonded clad or overlay; base plate, nominal\/minimum corrosion layer, attachments and transitions<\/td>Controls manufacturing, defects and inspection methods<\/td><\/tr>
Fabrication details<\/td>Panel\/profile drawings, thickness, tolerances, seams, penetrations, filler, forming and surface finish<\/td>Makes the barrier manufacturable and inspectable<\/td><\/tr>
Qualification and inspection<\/td>WPS\/PQR or overlay qualification, corrosion test, visual\/PT\/UT\/leak\/holiday methods, sampling, criteria and witness points<\/td>Converts general quality language into auditable acceptance<\/td><\/tr>
Documentation and responsibility<\/td>MTC, cut map, consumables, NDE, repair dossier, third party, code\/OEM\/owner approval and design responsibility<\/td>Prevents gaps between stock certification and installed-system release<\/td><\/tr>
Logistics and site boundary<\/td>Shop modules or loose panels, marking, packing, destination, lifting\/access limits and field-installation responsibility<\/td>Defines the deliverable and avoids implying unconfirmed site scope<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Send the zone map, operating envelope, drawings, required alloy\/specification, construction route, inspection requirements, quantity, and destination through the DAXUN inquiry page<\/a>. DAXUN can then identify the information still needed, confirm the in-house manufacturing and shop-fabrication scope, and issue a written technical\/commercial offer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Is C-276 always the best alloy for a wet FGD absorber liner?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

No. C-276 is a credible candidate, but the decision depends on local chemistry, oxidizing conditions, chlorides and other ions, temperature, crevices, deposits, erosion, weld system, existing approvals, and construction route. A different material may be justified by zone, and a good parent alloy can still be undermined by a poor detail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Is C-22 automatically better than C-276?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

No universal ranking is technically defensible. Producer tests may show differences in specific controlled solutions, but an absorber combines changing chemistry, wet\/dry behavior, solids, deposits, crevices, and welds. Compare candidate base metal and representative fabricated joints under relevant conditions and follow owner\/OEM approval requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Can Alloy 625 be used as an FGD liner?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

It can be a candidate for a defined zone or project constraint, but it should not be assumed equivalent to C-22, C-276, or Alloy 59 in every acidic chloride crevice. ASTM B443 Grade 1 or Grade 2 describes a wrought condition, not an FGD corrosion class. Service data and fabricated-condition evidence must support the choice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is metallic wallpaper lining?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

It is a thin corrosion-resistant alloy sheet attached over a structural substrate, with seams and details sealed to create a barrier. The substrate normally carries structural load. Material identity alone is insufficient: attachments, seams, penetrations, terminations, steel dilution, thermal movement, leak checking, and repair access control success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Does ASTM A265 apply to wallpaper lining?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Not merely because both systems place nickel alloy over steel. ASTM A265 addresses integrally and continuously bonded nickel or nickel-alloy-clad steel plate. Independently attached wallpaper needs its own material, fabrication, attachment, seam, inspection, and leak-integrity requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Is an ASTM G48 test enough to qualify an FGD alloy?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

No. It is a useful standardized ferric-chloride pitting or crevice test when method and conditions are stated. It does not reproduce the full FGD chemistry, solids, flow, deposits, erosion, wet\/dry cycling, stress, geometry, or service duration. Use it as one defined evidence item, not a lifetime certificate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What documents should accompany a fabricated metallic liner?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The required package may include the wrought-material MTC, heat\/lot and cut map, forming and heat-treatment records, filler\/consumable records, qualified procedures, dimensional results, PMI, NDE, leak\/holiday checks where applicable, corrosion-test reports, repair maps, photographs, third-party release, and packing records. The RFQ must define which are contractual.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Technical Accuracy Statement<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

This article separates wrought-material standards, bonded-clad requirements, laboratory corrosion methods, historical FGD experience, producer data, and project-specific engineering judgment. It does not establish a universal alloy ranking, safe chloride or pH limit, corrosion allowance, service life, return on investment, or installed-system certification. Final material and lining design require the owner\/design authority’s process envelope, applicable codes and specifications, qualified fabrication procedures, agreed acceptance criteria, and project records.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last reviewed:<\/strong> September 8, 2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Technical Sources<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
  1. ASTM International, ASTM B575-17(2023) \u2014 Standard Specification for Low-Carbon Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum, Low-Carbon Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Copper, Low-Carbon Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Tantalum, Low-Carbon Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Tungsten, and Low-Carbon Nickel-Molybdenum-Chromium<\/a>, reapproved\/current catalogue update April 28, 2023.<\/li>
  2. ASTM International, ASTM B443-26 \u2014 Standard Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Columbium Alloy and Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Silicon Alloy Plate, Sheet, and Strip<\/a>, July 14, 2026.<\/li>
  3. ASTM International, ASTM A265-12(2026) \u2014 Standard Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Base Alloy-Clad Steel Plate<\/a>, reapproved\/current catalogue update February 26, 2026.<\/li>
  4. ASTM International, ASTM G48-25 \u2014 Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution<\/a>, 2025.<\/li>
  5. Electric Power Research Institute, Flue Gas Desulfurization Equipment Issues Guidelines, Report 1004025<\/a>, 2001.<\/li>
  6. Special Metals Corporation, High-Performance Alloys for Resistance to Aqueous Corrosion<\/a>, technical handbook, accessed September 7, 2026.<\/li>
  7. Haynes International, HASTELLOY C-22 Alloy \u2014 Product and Technical Data<\/a>, accessed September 7, 2026.<\/li>
  8. Haynes International, HASTELLOY C-276 Alloy \u2014 Product and Technical Data<\/a>, accessed September 7, 2026.<\/li>
  9. VDM Metals International, Marine Scrubbers: Exhaust Gas Cleaning<\/a>, technical brochure, accessed September 7, 2026.<\/li>
  10. Babcock & Wilcox, Wet Scrubber \u2014 Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)<\/a>, OEM process overview, accessed September 7, 2026.<\/li>
  11. Zhangfa Wu, IEA Coal Research, Materials for FGD Systems, CCC\/27<\/a>, January 2000.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    A zone-based procurement guide to metallic wet-FGD absorber liners, covering C-276, C-22, conditional 625 and Alloy 59 selection, wallpaper, clad and overlay routes, weld risks, testing and acceptance.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":19561,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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